The Relationship Between Adult Attachment Classification...

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between adult attachment classification and symptoms of depression. By assessing adult attachment classifications in this study it is proposed it will identify individuals at risk to depressive symptoms and help in gaining a better understanding of the types of treatment interventions that may be most effective given an individual’s attachment style. One hundred undergraduate students will complete two online questionnaires each, with one on adult attachment and one on depression. Data on age and gender will also be collected. It is hypothesized that participants with a preoccupied or fearful style (negative view of self) will have higher levels of depression symptoms†¦show more content†¦Secure adults consider themselves as worthy of the concern, care, and affection of others; perceive significant others as being accessible, reliable, trustworthy, and well intentioned; and tend to have relationships characterised by intimacy and trust. Adults with an avoidant attachment style tend to deny their own emotional needs for attachment and perceive others as untrustworthy, thereby limiting their capacity for developing truly intimate relationships. Adults with anxious–preoccupied attachment styles have negative working models of themselves and positive models of significant others, such that their relationships are char acterized by worry about abandonment, hyper vigilance, and jealousy (Bartholomew Horowitz, 1991; Hazan Shaver, 1987; Levy Davis, 1988). Bartholomew Horowitz (1991) developed a Relationships Questionnaire (RQ) which is a self-report instrument is designed to assess adult attachment within Bartholomews (1990) four-category framework. Styles A and B correspond to the secure and fearful-avoidant attachment patterns, respectively. Styles C and D correspond to the preoccupied and dismissing-avoidant attachment patterns respectively. Both the fearful and preoccupied adult attachment styles have been found to be associated with depression (Carnelley et al., 1994). The core purpose of study is to look into the relationship between adult attachment classification and the symptoms of depression in an adult population,Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Security Of Attachment And Cognitive Development1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship between security of attachment and cognitive development creates the underlying foundation from which individual’s operate throughout the lifespan (Carruth, 2006). The security of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver can have profound consequences for the developing brain, impacting an infant’s future relationships, self-esteem, and ability to self-regulate emotions (Carruth, 2006). Attachment theory, first theorized by John Bowlby (1988), stresses the significanceRead MoreRelationship Between Security Of Attachment And Cognitive Development1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship between security of attachment and cognitive development creates the underlying foundatio n from which individual’s operate throughout the lifespan (Carruth, 2006). The security of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver can have profound consequences for the developing brain, impacting an infant’s future relationships, self-esteem, and ability to self-regulate emotions (Carruth, 2006). Attachment theory, first theorized by John Bowlby (1988), stresses the significanceRead MorePsychological Impacts Of Attachment Disorder1311 Words   |  6 PagesPsychological Impacts of Attachment Disorder The theory of attachment was originally developed by John Bowlby, a British psychoanalyst who was attempting to understand the extreme anguish experienced by infants who had been estranged from their parents. Attachment is the term developmental psychologists use to describe the emotional bond between infants and one or more adults. Attachment is like a security blanket. It allows infants to venture out and explore, returning to the adult as a place of protectionRead MoreAttachment Vs. Attachment Theory1977 Words   |  8 Pagesof past research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory is, focusing on Bowlby’s (1973) research into why an infant’s first attachment is so important. Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange situation, and how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in-depth discussion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an effect on two particular dis orders, depression and anxiety; while keeping a holisticRead MoreAttachment Theory For Understanding Risk And Protection Factors Within Developmental Psychology1988 Words   |  8 Pageson past research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory is, focusing on Bowlby’s (DATE) research into why an infant’s first attachment is so important. Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange situation, and how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in-depth discussion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an effect on two particular disorders, depression and anxiety; while keeping a holisticRead MoreThe Effects Of Childhood Parental Emotional On Future Romanic Relationships Essay2153 Words   |  9 PagesChildhood Parental Emotional Abuse on Future Romanic Relationships Childhood abuse can have long term effects that carryover long into adulthood. The trauma of being abused by a parent, the person children are supposed to trust most, may make it extremely difficult to develop a relationship with a romantic partner. Because of this, I believe that emotional abuse of children by parents will have a negative effect on their romantic relationships as adults. I will look at the consequence of emotional abuseRead MoreAttachment Theory For Understanding Risk And Protection Factors Within Developmental Psychology1940 Words   |  8 Pageson past research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory is, focusing on Bowlby’s (DATE) research into why an infant’s first attachment is so important. Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange situation, and how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in-depth discussion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research ha ve an effect on two particular disorders, depression and anxiety; while keeping a holisticRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder And Insecure Attachment2065 Words   |  9 Pages Borderline Personality Disorder and Insecure Attachment Melanie Countee Marymount University â€Æ' Abstract Borderline Personality Disorder is marked by maladaptive personality traits including chaotic interpersonal relationships, poor impulse control, and emotional instability. Theorists and clinicians have suggested that attachment based theories provide a framework to understanding and assessing BPD etiology. Links between insecure attachment along with abuse and neglect are relevant casualRead MoreAbuse: How It Effects Cognitive Development and Prevention Methods3033 Words   |  13 Pagescognitive development disorders that effect learning, memory, and consciousness. Statistics show that no one age, gender, or ethnic group is excluded. Cognitive development that is affected includes depression, learning disorders, developmental disorders, attachment disorders and PTSD. Patterns of attachment affect the quality of information processing throughout the individual’s life. With this evidence, it is imperative to have programs available that focus on prevention for parents and children. Read MoreCell Phone Overuse Or Addiction?2080 Words   |  9 Pagesno-mobile-phone phobia† has been compared to other behavioral addictions such as gambling which are included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Nomophobia has not made its entrance into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual even though it has the symptoms that parallel those that behavioral addictions have. The reason this has not been placed into the DSM is because of its lack of recognition and conflicting views of whether or not it is actually an addiction and not an action resulting from an underlying

Causes Of The American Civil War - 1769 Words

The American Civil War was one of the most tragic events in American history. The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861 and ended on May 9, 1865. It was a bloody war between states. Hundreds of thousands of men died in the American Civil war. The war was fought between brothers and friends on each side. The issue of slavery was dividing the nation apart and it was a fight to death. The Confederate States of America seceded because they wanted slavery to continue and believed that they did not have a voice in the United States anymore. President Lincoln, however, did not recognize the Confederate States of America; he called them States in rebellion. The American Civil War ultimatley helped unite the divided United States. The issue†¦show more content†¦In 1854, Stephen Douglas attempted to apply the principle of Popular Sovereignty with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. A consequence of Popular Sovereignty’s application was how fast the pro- and anti-slavery radicals rush ed to populate Kansas and determine its fate, leading to violence. Shortly before the Civil War Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published and laid the ground work for the conlict. The book, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, revealed the true horrors of slavery. It’s depictions were so strong that it was banned in the south. The Election of 1860, less than a decade later, was the last straw for the South. The election of President Lincoln angered many southerners since not one state or even person voted for him; in fact, southerners were not given the option on their ballets, yet he still won. South Carolina was the first to secede because they believed that they did not have a voice in the Union. After their secession, all the southern states seceded one by one(HistoryNet). The Battle of Gettysburg is considered the turning point of the Civil War. The Battle of Gettysburg was an important event in the history of the United States because many lives from each side were lost, and it was a battle that ended in victory of the Union. The Battle of Gettysburg last three summer days. The Battle of Gettysburg took place on Union soil. General Lee planned to march with Confederate Army to Gettysburg. He sought their position being on northern soil to hisShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The American Civil War760 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was one of the most momentous and pivotal periods in U.S history. After decades of tension between the North and South over matters involving expansion, slavery, and the states rights these caused the beginning of a horrific devastating time known as the American Civil War, that lasted between 1861-1865. Within these 4 long barbaric and destructive years, it led to an innumerous amount of political, social, and economical changes for the U.S. Leaving 2.4 million dead and millionsRead MoreCause Of The American Civil War1403 Words   |  6 Pagesdebates on the causes of the American Civil War. Many have stated that slavery w as the primary cause for the Civil War. Some historians have argued that there were other causes of the Civil War. The one thing that all historians agreed upon was the division between the North (known as the Union) and the South (known as the Confederacy) that escalated on the soil of the United States of America (In Stampp, 1965). The battle between the two states is what created the â€Å"American Civil War.† The AmericanRead MoreCauses of the American Civil War2672 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ The American Civil War: Causes, Victor, and Validity Keagan Koerber History 205 Professor Childress December 9, 2014 The slightest mention of the American Civil War is enough to bring graphic and often horrifying images into one’s head: mountains of dead soldiers, amputations without anesthesia, and diseases running rampant. The Civil War was a war that no one wished for, it resulted in the deaths of several hundred thousand American lives, but it is often justified by itsRead MoreThe Causes Of The American Civil War Essay2218 Words   |  9 PagesDay One: Grades: Elementary grade level 5th-6th Goal: Students will be able to identify the causes of the American Civil War. Objectives: 1. Students will be able to compare the cultures and economies of the Northern and Southern states. 2. Students will be able to summarize the main points of the Missouri Compromise, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Declaration of Causes of the Seceding States. 3. Students will be able to discuss the actions of John Brown at Harpers Ferry and the reaction ofRead MoreThe Main Cause Of The American Civil War1047 Words   |  5 Pagesone main cause of the American Civil war must be resolved, and while there are many ideas, history reveals that there was only one. There are many arguable motives to the start of the Civil War, but there are four main concepts. These four concepts were slavery, taxation, the election of Abraham Lincoln and lastly, struggling with power between the Northern and Southern states. To start with, the end of slavery is undoubtedly one of the most popular arguments to the creation of the Civil War. WhileRead MoreThe Ultimate Causes Of The American Civil War941 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War was a war fought within the United States of America between the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy) The war was one of the most critical events in American history. â€Å"It is estimated that 623,000 soldiers died during the Civil War†(Garrison) starting from 1861 and ending in 1865. While many still debate the ultimate causes of the Civil War, author James McPherson writes that, The Civil War started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave statesRead MoreCauses of the American Civil War Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War was caused by a myriad of conflicting pressures, principles, and prejudices, fueled by sectional differences and pride, and set into motion by a most unlikely set of political events. From the co lonial period in America where the institution of slavery began, through the period of the revolution whereby blood was shed to validate the notion that all men were created equal (yet slavery existed in all thirteen colonies), to the era of the Civil War itself, it is undoubtedly clear thatRead MoreCauses of the American Civil War Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pagesversion of the civil war and even now I am just coming to a full understanding of the truth. The civil war was a terrible rift in our nation, fought between the northern states (known as the union) and the southern states (the Confederate States of America). The people’s opinions were so divided over the issues of the civil war that, in some families, brother was pit against brother. Eventually, the south succumbed to the north and surrendered on April 9th, 1865 but not before the war had caused 618Read MoreEssay on Cause of the American Civil War1732 Words   |  7 Pages The cause of the American Civil War has b een a politicized subject for the past 152 years. There are many different theories for what the main cause is, however the best answer is an all of the above approach. The cause of the war that divided the nation cannot be narrowly defined into a single issue but each cause is affected and tied together. The main causes that resulted in the Civil War were the issue of nullification, tariffs, but most importantly just an overall difference in their waysRead MoreMajor Cause Of The American Civil War1224 Words   |  5 PagesMAJOR CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR I. Introduction to Civil War The American Civil War was a war within the United States of America fought by the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy) starting from 1861 and ending in 1865. This war was one of the most devastating events in American history, consuming more than 600,000 lives. It was thought to be one that molded the character of the American individual today. This war was seen as a War for Southern Independence or War of Rebellion for the

History of Colombia Free Essays

History of Colombia Colombia was inhabited by indigenous societies during what was known as the pre-Columbian period (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). These indigenous societies consisted of hunters and nomadic farmers, as well as the Chibchas (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). The Chibchas are known to be one of the most developed indigenous groups in all of South America (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on History of Colombia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Santa Marta was founded in 1525, which was the first permanent Spanish settlement (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). Santa Fe de Bogota was founded in 1538, and in 1717 it became the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). The capital of New Granada is what is now Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). In 1808 Napoleon made his brother the new king of Spain and people in the Spanish colonies were not happy with it (Lambert, 2011). Citizens of Bogota created the first representative council against Spanish authority on July 20, 1810 (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). In 1813 they got complete independence from Spain (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). In 1819 Simon Bolivar defeated the Spanish in the war of Boyaca (Lambert, 2011). In 1819 the Republic of Greater Colombia was created and it included everything of the previous Viceroyalty of New Granada (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). Simon Bolivar was the first president and Francisco de Paula Santander was elected as vice president (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). The creation of the two main political parties, Liberal and Conservative, were led by conflicts going on between the followers of Bolivar and Santander (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). Bolivar’s supporters formed the Conservative Party, and Santander’s followers created the Liberal party (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). Colombia’s history is known to be filled with violent conflict (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). Two civil wars were the cause of rivalry between the Conservative and Liberal parties: The War of a Thousand Days which took place from 1899 to 1903 and killed about 100,000 people, and â€Å"La Violencia† (the Violence) which took place from 1946 to 1957 and caused about 300,000 deaths (â€Å"Background Note: Colombia,† 2012). From the 1960s to 1980s the guerillas and cocaine production in Colombia started to increase (Lambert, 2011). The drug trade also caused a lot of violence (Lambert, 2011). However, at the start of the 21st century the situation in Colombia had improved after suffering a great depression in the 1980s (Lambert, 2011). Violence in Colombia also decreased after 2002 (Lambert, 2011). Works Cited Lambert, Tim. â€Å"Brief History of Colombia. † Local Histories. 2011. Web. 18 Apr 2012. United States. U. S. Department of State. Background Note: Colombia. 2012. Web. ;http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35754. htm;. How to cite History of Colombia, Papers

Afraid of Change free essay sample

Have you ever heard the saying â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover†? Well, that does not only apply to books. You see, my dad made the decision that he wanted to get remarried and honestly, I was perfectly fine with that. I really liked the lady he was planning to marry and I was just glad he was soon to be happy again. However, there was more to that addition to the family than just a new step mom. I flew up to Nashville Tennessee to attend and be a part of my dad’s wedding, and the evening before the wedding, I had to become acquainted with her parents. Well, to make a long story short, it was in my opinion that my new â€Å"grand-father† was a super snobby guy who only cared about himself. He wore expensive name brand clothes, drove a very nice care, and had a massive house! It was based off of those, first impression features, that my assumption came from, but boy oh boy was I wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Afraid of Change or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After basically being forced to sit down and talk to the man, I discovered that his name was Clyde, which in my mind sounded like a snobby name, and that I was far from the truth on who this man was. It turned out that he is a super great family man who does anything to help others. He is always volunteering his services and making sure his family has everything that it may need.I immediately felt a sense of respect for my new grandfather. And after spending a few summers with him, he has taught me the wonderful values of volunteering and making others feel good. He has completely changed my perspective on my own life. Instead of putting myself before absolutely everything, and making sure I got everything I needed and wanted, I now think of ways that myself along with others benefit from any and every action, and it truly makes me feel like a better person.Words cannot even express how great of an influence this great man has been in my life. Not only was he accepting of me joining his family, but he was thrilled to finally have a boy. And personally, I believe that it is for that reason he has made it a point to give me his life experiences so that I can end up successful like him.In the end, it doesn’t at all matter that I didn’t think I was going to like him. What matters is the fact that I was able to overcome my doubts and be able to say â€Å"It is an honor to be able to call him my Grandfather.

Organizational Structure at Emerson Essay Example

Organizational Structure at Emerson Essay To meet their strategic goals, Emerson must properly match their strategies with the correct organizational structure. If the structure of an organization and its corporate strategy are not properly matched then the management will not be as effective as it should be in the organization. Having an organizational structure is a very vital part of implementing a strategy. Purpose of Organization Structure The organizational structure determines the company’s procedures, controls, decision making process and reporting relationships. Structure is a very significant part of implementing a strategy effectively. When the company’s strategies are determined, the structure of the organization will then determine the work that needs to be accomplished and how it is performed. The manager’s task and the decisions that were made from the tasks are influenced by the structure of the organization. Structures are there to give stability. The company needs the stability to be able to implement the strategies successfully. They also need structure to keep the competitive advantage that they currently possess while forming new advantages for future needs. As a company grows there will eventually be a need for the strategy to change in order to continue their success in the industry. As a result of the new strategy, the organizational structure may have to be adjusted to supports the changes made in the company strategies. Emerson Structure Options Emerson has three options of organizational structures to choose when implementing their strategy. The different structures include simple structure, functional structure and multidivisional structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structure at Emerson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structure at Emerson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structure at Emerson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The simple structure is a structure where the staff serves under the manager’s authority while the manager makes all the major decisions for the company. The functional structure has the functional line managers in the areas of the organization where it is dominant (HR, production, accounting). This structure includes a CEO and limited corporate staff. Multidivisional Structure is used when the company is seeking more diversification. It includes operating divisions and a corporate office. Is structure is mainly used as an organization structure since diversification is used in the global economy as a dominant corporate-level strategy. For the Emerson Company, the functional structure can be used to implement their strategy. To continue achieving the lowest cost with the highest quality and performance, they will need to implement the integrated cost leadership and differentiation strategy. To achieve this, part of the decision making in the company will need to be decentralized and also centralized. The tasks will need to be partially specialized. This will ensure that the combine strategies work together properly without offsetting one another. The multidivisional structure used to implement strategy for the Emerson Company is SBU. The strategic business unit form of multidivisional structure includes a corporate headquarters, many strategic units and divisions for those units. In this structure, the headquarters office controls and observes all of the SBU which are each profit centers. This structure will help the businesses that related work together to focus on more specific customer needs. This also helps the headquarters keep better control of the finances, strategies and performances. The option of a simple structure would not serve to implement Emerson’s strategies. This is because Emerson is a diversified organization with over 50 divisions. It would not be possible for on person to be able to oversee every operation alone. This would be completely contrary to the importance of using a multidivisional structure to implement Emerson’s strategy. Without the proper organizational structure, there is a chance of not achieving the strategic goals for the company. The many options of structures to chose have their beneficial characteristics when properly utilized when implementing a strategic plan. This could actually determine the fate of an organization if management is not careful enough.

Concerns About Beginning Homeschooling Mid-Year

Concerns About Beginning Homeschooling Mid-Year Homeschooling is legal in all 50 states, and you can begin homeschooling at any time, even in the middle of the school year. Many families choose to start homeschooling mid-year due to problems at school, academic concerns, or illness. Some, whove been considering the idea, may finally decide that its time to give homeschooling a try. The semester break is a perfect time to make the change; however, you can withdraw your children from school at any time. If you are planning to take your child out of public or private school during the academic year, make sure that you understand your states homeschooling laws and requirements. You may be unsure if youll be homeschooling short-term or making a permanent transition from public school to homeschool. Regardless of the duration, there are simple steps you can take to ensure that youre homeschooling legally and making the most of the experience. Steps to Take to Begin Homeschooling Mid-year Research your states homeschool laws. Most states require that you notify the school that you are withdrawing your student and submit a notice of your intent to homeschool to the county or state school superintendent. Even if your child is under your states minimum compulsory age, most states will require that you report for a child who has already been enrolled in school.Check with your statewide homeschooling association. They can offer advice on the specific procedure required by your state  to remove your child from school.Contact your local homeschool support group. They can also help with the specifics and can usually assist by providing forms, telling you how to request school records,  and offering curriculum advice.Consider your homeschool  curriculum options. You shouldnt feel pressured to purchase curriculum right away. While you research your options, provide your student with a learning-rich environment  and utilize  your local library and online resources.   There are many resources for  homeschooling for free  or very economically. You may want to try some of these at least until you determine which curriculum will be the best fit for your family long-term. Discuss the decision with your child. Some children may not want to homeschool. If this is the case with your child, talk about why he is reluctant and see what you can do to address his concerns. Even if your child is excited about starting to homeschool, he may not want to tell his friends until his last day at school to avoid unwanted questions, or he may want to let them know a few days before so that he can make plans to stay connected with them. Concerns About Starting to Homeschool Socialization: Your child might miss his friends and feel lonely. You can help him through this period by inviting his friends over and getting involved in activities in your community. Homeschool support groups  offer many opportunities to help homeschooled kids find friends and allow them  to get together for field trips, park days, and homeschool co-op classes.  Deschooling: You might need to begin slowly and give your family  time adjust to the change. If you decided to homeschool due to a negative experience, such as bullying, your child might need time to regroup. Consider taking a couple of weeks off completely. Then, gradually add in subjects such as math and reading. Spend some time pursuing  interest-led  topics and doing hands-on projects.The Course of Study: If you are using a packaged curriculum based on your students grade level, you can usually feel confident that youre coving age-appropriate material. If you are piecing together your own curriculum, you ma y wish to refer to a Typical Course of Study for guidance.   Organization and Record-Keeping: Paperwork is not the most exciting aspect of homeschooling, but it doesnt have to be intimidating. Some simple record-keeping  forms can keep you on track. Allow yourself time to adjust to this new facet of your family life, and youll soon discover how to make homeschooling work for your family.Academic Pacing. Many parents worry about how to help a struggling learner catch up or how to keep a gifted learner challenged. One of the most significant benefits of homeschooling is that students can learn at their own pace. A student doesnt have to feel behind if he is making progress. And gifted learners have the freedom to explore subjects at a greater depth and breadth than they could in a typical classroom. Homeschooling is a big step and takes teamwork. It is an excellent opportunity to get to know your child again. Talk with him and be sensitive to and understanding of his feelings. Be enthusiastic, start slow, and have patience, but most of all relax and have fun!

Skills Shortage and HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Skills Shortage and HRM - Essay Example Hence, people are discouraged from education and the economy of that country suffers immensely 9 Beresford, pg 190, 2004). However, a somewhat opposite situation from the one described above, is the situation of plenty of jobs being available and very few workers available with suitable skills and qualifications for the job. In the former scenario described, a number of job-seekers are running after one job, whilst in the latter scenario, many companies are running after one potential employee. This is because the economy holds few skilled workers in the required profession and many companies require those skills, hence, companies are competing to recruit the same employees (Capelli, pg 145, 2005). Issue of Scarcity Such shortages usually occur in highly skilled and technological fields, which are constantly evolving with the rapid change in technology. Employees must be trained regularly to meet the changing technological environment and enhance their expertise. One of the most worr isome situations for companies is the situation of having vacancies in a required field, but experiencing recruitment problems. Many companies rely on these employees for progress and success in their business, yet because of recruitment problems, many resources are diverged from actual operations to employee recruitment. This causes a loss for the company and deepening problems in business operations. Hence, companies must put up an effective fight to win the war for talent (Goss, pg 232, 1994). Recruitment Strategies There are several factors which may motivate employees to work for a certain company and may assist the company in recruiting employees. Such factors include the size and reputation of the company, working conditions, fringe benefits, pay rate, opportunities for promotion, management style, and training opportunities. Employees have differing opinions on their preferences and which factor influences them most when seeking jobs from a company. Pay may be very important for one employee, while the other employee will feel exhilarated by working for a reputable company offering exciting promotional possibilities. Hence, companies may negotiate with various employees in order to enhance their interest in the job and their motivational levels (Capelli, pg 146, 2005). However, some companies may be facing continuous recruitment problems and may be losing out while competing with other firms for talent. These companies probably lack one of the above mentioned factors and are not able to meet the needs of the required employees. Such problems are enhanced because of a lack of skilled labor to fit the job description and the potential employees who do fit the required criteria, may prefer other companies. Hence, the struggle becomes quite challenging for some smaller firms who cannot compete with the larger firms in offering employee benefits. There are a number of factors that the firm may focus on to increase employee recruitment levels and enhance emp loyee motivation. These factors combined may prove to result in a favorable situation in which employees may prefer to work for the smaller firm rather than go to the larger competitors (Debrah & Reid, pg 933, 1998). These factors include higher pays, better facilities, more benefits, training programs, or even a compromise on the part of the firm itself. The firm must analyze its personal situation in order to

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPACT DISC AND RECORDS Essay

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPACT DISC AND RECORDS - Essay Example The record technology was improved till 1980s when cassette technology was introduced which displaced the vinyl records significantly. The popularity of cassette went down when compact disc and mini disc were introduced in 1990s. Differences Size: Initially, the records were as big as 16 inches in diameter which was reduced to as low as 7 inches by the time. However, the most popular models used in that time were 12 inches. On the other side, Compact discs are only 4.75 inches in diameter which makes it a much more flexible product. Compact Disc also comes in small sizes, commonly know as Mini CD. The diameter of these Mini CDs ranges from 2.4 to 3.1 inches. The smaller is the size, the lesser will be data capacity. Production: Records are created with an element called black lacquer vinyl, which is the reason it is commonly called Vinyl Record. Contrary, CDs are developed with 1.2 millimeters thick polycarbonate plastic coated with aluminum and a thin translucent acrylic protective coating (Morgan). A CD weights around 15 to 20 grams. The thin layer of aluminum makes it reflective. A lacquer layer is used for spinning and label printing. Wear and Tear: Records are less likely to be abandoned and torn as compared to Compact Discs. Vinyl records are â€Å"hard† records, made up with black lacquer. ... CDs are susceptible to skips and clicks whereas Vinyle records usually play in any situation since they are analog. Price: The price of records is much higher because of the high cost expenditure incurred in manufacturing process. However, Compact Discs are comparatively cheaper and can stored hefty amount of data. Sound Quality: Vinyl records can play music as good as CDs. The difference is extremely small and negligible (Vinyl Vs. CD Part 3. Sound Difference Between LP’s and CD’s). After researching thoroughly, it is concluded that some extreme music lovers still prefer Vinyl over CDs, claiming the sound quality of Vinyl is richer. However, the differences in the sound quality are nearly inaudible to a normal human being and Vinyl and CDs overshadow each other only in some genre of music. Recording/Writing: Vinyl records needs a vinyl cutter for recording or copying songs in a record. These vinyl cutters are extremely expensive, costing about $10,000, thus making it i mpossible for common people to have it in their possession. Contrary, CDs can be written with the help of CD burner which are cheaply available in market, ranging from $15 to $25. Moreover, CD-R is a kind of Compact Disc which has the re-write feature. There is also a major difference between analog and digital recording. Analog recording is used in recording vinyl records, which varies a property or characteristic of a physical recording medium through air pressure (Elsea). Contrary, digital recording is developed when the physical properties of the original sound are converted into sequence number through an analog-to-digital converter which makes it able to be recorded and read back through a digital medium such as CD (Elsea, Basics of

Juno Character Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Juno Character Analysis - Essay Example As the film unfolds, the viewer sees that Juno is not a bad girl; she is a young woman dealing with something she is really too young to deal with, she struggles with her situation and uses humor to manage her emotions, and she makes the decision that she feels is best for everyone involved. Throughout the film, the viewer is continually reminded that, despite her pregnancy, Juno is just a teenage girl. She is young and this was not a planned or wanted pregnancy. She is dealing with a entirely new set of emotions that she is not accustomed too. In addition to dealing with the emotions related to her pregnancy, Juno was dealing with facing the feelings she had towards Paulie, the baby’s father. As Juno spends more time with Mark, the adoptive father, she gets confused over her feelings towards him, as well. Juno states the situation of her age best when talking to her father. After witnessing Mark confront Vanessa about not really wanting to have a baby, Juno is filled with emo tions she isn’t sure how to deal with. She is confused and not sure how to deal with her emotions even though she has decided to still allow Vanessa to adopt her baby. After taking a minute to herself to cry, she goes home. Her father asks her where she had been, and she responds by saying, â€Å"just out dealing with things way beyond my maturity level.† Although she is clearly using sarcasm to mask her emotions, her comment accurately reflects the situation. After making the decision to put her baby up for adoption, opposed to keeping the baby or having an abortion, Juno does not deter from this decision. Despite this, she struggles with her decision. Her initial decision to have an abortion is abandoned early. She then immediately decides to put the baby up for adoption, and then works on finding an adoptive family. Juno frequently uses sarcasm and humor to get through emotionally difficult situations. When Vanessa questions her determination to put her baby up for adoption, Juno responds by saying, â€Å"If I could just have the thing and give it to you now I totally would.† If taken out of the context of the movie, this comment would sound cold and uncaring, but it is simply Juno’s way of expressing her determination while maintaining emotional distance. She struggles with the idea of giving the baby up for adoption, but she maintains her humor to stay focused. She also uses her humor to draw attention to her situation. She jokes about the fact she is sixteen and pregnant in an effort to divert negative attention for the same reason. During one of her interactions with Vanessa, Vanessa questions her regarding whether or not her parents know where she is. She responds to Vanessa’s questioning by saying, â€Å"I’m already pregnant so what other shenanigans could I get into?† This breaks the tension by exposing the elephant in the room. Juno makes the decision that she feels is best for everyone involved; this includes her, Paulie, Vanessa, and the baby. Juno recognizes immediately that her and Paulie are not equipped to give the baby a good life. In addition to this inability, she recognizes that fact that neither of them wants to stop being teenagers and start being parents. Forcing themselves to take on a role that neither of t

The post washington consensus development

The post washington consensus development There have been several discussions about whether or not the Washington consensus and the post Washington consensus (alos referred to as the new consensus) approach to development are fundamentally different approaches to development. The World Bank and International Monetary fund critics are quick to say both approaches are the same, and that the Washington consensus was just repackaged and given a new brand, name and identity in the Post Washington consensus development approach. Although it is easy to see how it can be assumed that the underlying fundamentals of the Washington consensus and the post Washington consensus are unchanged because the latter still encompasses the principles of the former that was generally a focus on market reform as the approach for growth and development. However, the fact that the post Washington consensus builds on market reform and includes various other elements ignored by the Washington consensus like institutional reform and good governance whic h are elements that extend the goals of the new consensus and enable it to promote ‘sustainable, egalitarian, and democratic development (Stiglitz 2001:17). These additions and extensive goals therefore make both approaches fundamentally different from one another, even though they both advocate market reform (which is where the similarities end). While the Washington consensus focused on the perfection of the market the post Washington consensus does the exact opposite, it points out market limitations and ways of correcting such limitations (Stiglitz 2001). The purpose of this paper is to illustrate just how different both approaches are by looking at the foundational economic theories they are built on, the components of both approaches and their methodology. The Washington consensus is an approach to development that involves various economic policy prescriptions that are designed to move an economy towards economic growth and development when implemented. They include ten basic polices that create a liberal market and economy. According to Williamson who coined the term and the originator of the list, they include: Macroeconomic stability (restoring fiscal discipline by controlling budget deficit) Redirecting expenditure (reduction of government spending) Tax Reform (involved increasing tax and value added tax.) Financial liberalization Unified Exchange rate (to encourage and ease trade) ‘Replacement of quantitative trade restrictions by Tariffs (trade liberalization) Abolishment of Barriers to entry of foreign direct investments (Liberalizes FDI) ‘Privatization of state owned enterprises (reduce government spending) Deregulation (reduce state interference) ‘Legal system should provide secure property rights (Williamson 2005: 35-42) The policies under the Washington consensus are designed to liberalize various sectors of an economy. They are also directed towards increasing market efficiency, productivity and growth. Not all the policies under the consensus are implemented at the same time and in most cases, there is a lot of mixing and matching done by the governments implementing these policies with a few policies being more popular than others. Williamson (2005: 43) notes that ‘(i)n terms of which reform(s) [policies] were most widely implemented, there have been widespread attempts to tighten fiscal policy, introduce extensive financial and trade liberalization, eliminate restrictions on foreign direct investment, and promote privatization and deregulation. These policies have earned the Washington consensus a bad reputation of increasing poverty because ‘adjustment and stabilization policies tend to depress real wages, as control over money wages is combined with devaluation (Stewart 1991:1849), unemployment coupled with other various adverse effects from such policies on the poor in a country lead to social decay. The failures of such policies are evident in various developing countries like Bolivia, Nigeria, and Zambia (discussed in Adefulu, 1991) whose economies after adopting stabilization and adjustment policies experienced stagnant or slow growth. These countries experienced worse situations than they were in before the implementation of the structural adjustment programme under the Washington consensus policies prescribed by the World Bank and the International monetary fund in the 1980s. The failure of this approach to development gave rise to creation of a new development approach know as the Post Washington consensus which also included some of the policies listed above in relation to its market reform component. However, it focused not just on economic growth through market reforms but also included elements to enhance social growth and welfare and thus encourag es sustainable development. It eased and monitored the effects of the market reform policies on the poor by paying attention to social issues and advocating the creation of safety nets. This new approach addressed areas that had been ignored by the Washington consensus and as a result of this, it provides a better-rounded approach to development. Unlike the Washington consensus: It aims at stabilizing the real economy as well as inflation It tries to improve financial sector regulation, rather than assuming that liberalization is the only game in town It includes competition policy It considers various mechanisms of improving government efficiency, rather than seeking to minimize governments role It focuses on improving human capital formation It seeks to increase the transfer of technology to developing countries. (Williamson, 2005:45) Including these accompanying elements to the market reform policies was based on the recognition that ‘[m]aking markets work requires more than just low inflation; it requires sound financial regulation, competition policy, and policies to facilitate the transfer of technology and to encourage transparency, to cite some fundamental issues neglected by the Washington consensus (Stiglitz, 2001:17). The emphasis placed on trade liberalization, deregulation, and privatization under the Washington consensus approach often lead policymakers to disregard the importance of various factors like competition, which contribute to the effectiveness of a market economy and which may be just as important as economic success (Stiglitz, 2001:20-21). The Washington consensus and Post-Washington consensus not only differ based on their development goals, the economic theories and principles on which they are based upon are from different schools of thought. The former based on the logic of Keynesian economics of liberalization and the mantra of lazzie faire allows the market to stabilize itself with little or more preferably no government intervention. The Washington consensus therefore was founded on the neo-classical economic theory centered on the idea of instrumental rationality (North 1995). Instrumental rationality implies that individuals in the market make decision in such a way that creates a perfect market. Their decisions are made based on factors that offer them maximum utility. Under instrumental rationality it is assumed that ‘values are accepted and given as constant, objective decision of the world as it is can be postulated and.. decision makers computational powers are unlimited (North, 1995:7) thus when an imperfection arises in the market because of this factors, the market will correct the imperfections itself. Therefore, there is no need for government intervention. Under this approach government, interference is seen to disturb the flow of the market and impede its efficiency and growth of the economy. The Post-Washington consensus is however eclectic, drawing from the logic of different economic principles. It draws from both the principles of the new development economics, and the new institutional economics (NIE) which understand and value the role the state plays in the regulation of market functions. New development economics according to Ben Fine (2006) was created to accommodate the shift towards the post Washington Consensus. It extends beyond only economic principles and includes other fields of study like sociology and non-economic factors. It also places emphasis on market imperfections and asymmetrical information amongst parties in a market. In this theory in ‘contrast to economic approach, institutions, customs, as well as economic and social structures are taken seriously rather than presumed to be equivalent to as an â€Å"as if† market situation (Fine, 2006 :8) NIE advocates the significance of institutions, and their importance in solving the problem of transaction costs that may exists in the market due to asymmetrical information. Institutions are an important aspect because they â€Å"are the rules of the game of a society, or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that structure human interaction† (North, 1995: 23). They could be formal in the sense of laws created to govern and informal based on norms. The post- Washington consensus as a development approach recognises the fact that markets in developing countries often carry a high cost of transaction, which deters investment and slows down market productivity. Transaction costs arising from asymmetrical information will often lessen confidence in the market and cause insecurity. To remedy the problem institutions are required because; ‘â€Å"efficient institutions lessen insecurity and thereby increase readiness to invest†'(North,1991 in German Fed Ministry, 2004: 7). ‘Over the long term, dynamic growth processes can only be sustained when institutions exist that encourage the growth of productivity and guarantee a high degree of stability, that is, reduce vulnerability to external shocks. (German Fed Ministry, 2004: 7) Another difference between both development approaches is in relation to their view on state intervention in the market. The Washington consensus approach views government intervention as an interference with â€Å"market perfection†. Under this approach, the market will resolve its problems and set the right price, and government or state intervention disrupts this ability and therefore create imperfections and inefficiency. A good illustration is of African countries like Nigeria and Ghana who after independence interfered with the export markets using commission boards and â€Å"monosponies† (singles buyer where there are many sellers) for their agricultural products (discussed in Bates 1981). The boards had an influence on market prices and could afford to be inefficient because the cost of inefficiency could be easily transferred from the states board to the farmers and consumers (Bates 1981). This supports the Neo-liberal view that when states are involved in mark ets, macroeconomic rationality if foregone for their preference of macroeconomic policy instruments. The Washington consensus follows the policy of a non-interventionist state or one with minimal role in markets. The post Washington consensus however, draws from the example of the East Asian countries miracle (which attributes most of its success to state intervention in markets) and promotes the importance of government intervention because of imperfections that already exist within the market. It advocates that the state regulate the market through the creation of institutions, legal framework, and property rights. All of which will solve the problems that exist in an imperfect market like inadequate flow of information and allow proper contracts to be drawn between transacting partners. The government according to the logic of the post Washington consensus ‘should serve as a compliment to markets, undertaking actions that make markets work better and correcting market failu res (Stiglitz, 2001:41). The Washington consensus approach to development as mentioned previously wanted little or no state intervention and disregarded the role of the state. The post Washington consensus approach however, values state role so much so that the approach includes elements designed to better the governance of a developing state in the form of good governance and democracy. Under this new consensus because the state is seen as an important factor for growth and development, it provides for the reform of the state itself. The post Washington consensus recognises the fact that most developing countries are faced with government inefficiency, corruption and bureaucracy. The approach therefore proposes that states should practice good governance, which entails democracy, transparency, and rule of law to mention a few. The post-Washington consensus approach to development considers the practice of good governance as a pre-requisite for sustainable economic growth and development. Under this approach , states role, efficiency or lack thereof and politics is taken into consideration for development purposes, while the Washington consensus approach lacks this attention to governance issues. The disregard for state issues is due to ‘[n]eo-liberalisms skepticism of the state and autonomous exaltation of individual [and the view that] the stateneeds to be extricated from the marketEconomic reforms accordingly take priority over political reforms and civil liberties (Abrahamsen, 2000:30) under the Washington consensus. The post Washington consensus approach to development considers factors outside of economics for instance education and health care. This is another fundamental difference between it and the Washington consensus. The new consensus values the importance of such elements to the development process unlike the Washington consensus that disregards them. Under the new consensus, there is an understanding that development needs to be sustainable and in this regard, it provides for elements that carry it in that direction. Education allows for the development of human capital and the society. If the people are developed, they can move development along by making valuable contributions in the society. According to Stiglitz (2001:46), ‘promoting human capital isa policy that can help promote economic development, equality, participation and democracy. The East Asian countries for instance Japan (Stiglitz, 2001) placed an emphasis on educating its citizens by making basic education compul sory make viable examples of how educating a countrys citizens can contribute to sustainable economic growth and development. Social aspects like education ignored by the Washington consensus is regarded an important element of the post Washington consensus approach. The post Washington consensus approach to development is created in a way that ensures its effects are long-term on the economy as supposed to the short-term effect of the Washington consensus. It achieves this because of its broader goal and dedication to issues outside the realm of economics and the market. According to Stiglitz (2001:68) ‘The new development strategy takes as its core objective development, the transformation of society, this fact and its inclusion of social factors as part of the development agenda ensures that it encourages sustainable development and not only the growth of gross domestic product (GDP). Participation and sense of ownership is another aspect in which both approaches to development have fundamental differences. The Washington consensus approach pays little or no attention to fostering the sense of owner ship instead it reduced state ownership through the heavy promotion of instant privatization. The post Washington consensus on the other hand recognizes that fostering a sense of ownership and participation of developing country governments and its people has an effect on how effective the programs being adopted will be. The government has to implement the development programs that have been recommended by international institutions and if the developing country feel like they are in control and have an opinion about the changes going on in their country they might ensure that the programmes are implemented effectively and not on a superficial level. Lack of proper implementation on part of developing nations government is one explanation offered by the World Bank as a reason for the failure of the structural adjustment programs under the Washington consensus. By including a sense of ownership and encouraging participation, the post Washington agenda ensures that the new approach to development does not face the same problem. The differences between both approaches also extend to how their various components are implemented. For instance, privatization, which is an element of both development strategies as a part of the market reform component of the Washington and Post Washington consensus, has been implemented and understood differently under both approaches. The concept of privatization under the Washington Consensus was to reduce government spending and deficit while removing inefficient state enterprises and creating economic stability. Sale of state owned companies would create revenue and competition between private owners would make enterprises more efficient and more productive therefore it had to be immediate. The post Washington consensus however views privatization as something that has to occur gradually, most importantly after the necessary institutions that would enhance competition has been put in place and not before. The premise for this is that just because public enterprises are made p rivate does not guarantee their efficiency because if the proper institutions were not in place to encourage their efficiency they would not be as productive as expected. The post Washington consensus is however not against privatization, as Stiglitz (2001:38) comments: ‘The Washington consensus is right- privatization is important. The government needs to devote its scarce resources to areas where private sector does not and is not likely to enter. The new consensus is in support of privatizing public enterprises that are unnecessary and can be undertaken by the private sector with institutions to aid its efficiency already in place. Nonetheless, the approaches to privatization under both development programs are different. Both approaches though having a common goal, which is to bring about growth and development, go about it in different ways and have different fundamentals. The Washington consensus approach to development places emphasis on economic growth through increase in GDP levels and market reform. Its fundamental objective is to make market forces more efficient and increase productivity within the economy. This approach is a strong advocate for policies involving deregulation, privatization and stabilization. The post- Washington consensus approach (devised after failure of the previous consensus) on the other hand focuses on development through societal transformation. This approach goes beyond the market approach of the Washington consensus to include broader goals and social factors like health care and education. The new consensus core objective is a more equal, egalitarian and democratic type of development (Stiglitz, 2001:17). The broader goals and objectives pursued under the post-Was hington consensus makes it fundamentally different from the Washington Consensus approach to development. Bibliography Abrahamsen, Rita (2000). Disciplining democracy: development discourse and good governance in Africa. London: Zed books. p23-65. Adefulu, R. A. (1991). African Debt Crisis and the IMF Adjustment Programmes: the Experiences of Ghana, Nigeria and Zambia. In: Renee Prendergast and H.W. Singer Development Perspectives for the 1990s (pp. 37-58). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Ajit Singh. (1998). Competitive Markets and Economic Development: A commentary on World Bank analyses. In: Phillip Arestis and Malcom Swayer The Polictical Economy of Economic Policies. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.. 60-105. Bates H. Robert. (1981). Polices Towards Cash Crops for Exports. In: Barry and Popkin Markets and states in Tropical Africa: the political basis of agricultural policies. Berkeley: University of California Press. 11-29. Brohman J. (1995). Economism and critical silences in Development Studies: A theoretical critique of neo-liberalism. Third World Quarterly. 16 (2), p297-318. Cammack, Paul. (2004). What the World Bank means by Poverty Reduction. New Left Review. 9 (2), 189-104 Fine, Ben. (2006). The new development economics. In: Ben Fine, Jomo K. S. The new development economics: after the Washington Consensus. 2nd ed. London: Zed Books. p1-20. Fine, Ben. (2001). Neither the Washington nor post Washington consensus: introduction. In: Ben Fine, Costas Lapavitsas, Jonathan Pincus Development policy in the twenty-first century: beyond the post-Washington. New York: Routledge. p4-15. German Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2004). Post-Washington-Consensus- A Few Thoughts. Available: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEDS05/Resources/PostWashingtonConsensus-englisch-04-2004.pdf. Last accessed 15 January 2010. Gore Charles. (2000). The Rise and Fall of the Washington Consensus as a Paradigm for Developing Countries. World Development. 28 (5), p789-804. Lal Deepak. (1995). Misconceptions of. In: Corbridge, S Development Studies. New York: Arnold. 56-63. Moseley P.. (1991). World Development and International Finanace since 1970. In: Moseley P, J Toye, and Harrigan J Aid and power: the World Bank and policy-based lending. London: Routledge. p3-25. North Douglass. (1995). The new institutional economics and Third World development. In: John Harriss, Janet Hunter, Colin M. Lewis The new institutional economics and Third World development. London: Routledge. p17-26. Stewart Frances. (1991). The Many Faces of Adjustment. World Development. 19 (12), p1847-1864. Stiglitz, Joseph. (2001). More Instruments and Broader Goals: Moving Toward the Post-Washington Consensus. In: Ha-Joon Chang Joseph Stiglitz and the World Bank: the rebel within. 1st ed. New York: Anthem. p17-56. Stiglitz, Joseph. (2001). Towards a new Paradgim for Development:Strategies, Policies, and processes. In: Ha-Joon Chang Joseph Stiglitz and the World Bank: the rebel within. 2nd ed. New York: Anthem. p57-93. Tornquist, O. (2001). The Primacy of Institutions. In: Tornquist Olle Politics and Development. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications. p86-102. Van Wayenburg Elisa. (2006). From Washington to post washington: illusion of development. In: Ben Fine, Jomo K. S. The new development economics: after the Washington Consensus. 2nd ed. London: Zed Books. p21-45. Williamson, John. (2005). The Washington Consensus as Policy Prescription for Development. In: Timothy BESLEY Roberto Zagha Development Challenges in the 1990s. WashingtonDC: World Bank Oxford University press. 31-57. Williamson J. (1993). Democracy and the Washington Consensus. World Development. 21 (8), p1329-1336. World Bank. (1997). Fostering Markets:Liberalization, Regulation, and Industrial Policy. In: World Bank World Development Report: the state in a changing world. New York: Oxford University Press. p61-75. World Bank. (1994). Moving Towards sound Macro economic policies. In: World Bank Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results, and the Road Ahead. New York: Oxford University Press. 43-59 World Bank. (1994). Reforming the Public Sector. In: World Bank Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results, and the Road Ahead. New York: Oxford University Press. 99-125 World Bank. (1994). The Road Ahead for Adjustment. In: World Bank Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results, and the Road Ahead. New York: Oxford University Press. 181-219.

Hairball Essay -- essays papers

Hairball A solitary woman sits in conversation with a benign tumour that had just recently been removed from her ovary. As the woman speaks, the inanimate tumour, which she has named Hairball, looks on from its glass encased perch atop the fireplace. The scene is macabre and certainly unusual, but such is the life of Kat, the main character in Margaret Atwood’s short story, Hairball. Kat’s life is filled with the unusual and the shocking, a lifestyle that has been self-imposed. Throughout the years, Kat, an "avant garde" fashion photographer, has altered her image, even her name, to suit the circumstances and the era. Over time Kat has fashioned a seemingly strong and impenetrable exterior, but as Kat’s life begins to disintegrate we discover that the strong exterior is just a facade devised to protect a weak and fragile interior. Kat’s facade begins to unravel and she undergoes significant personal losses; in fact, the losses go so far as to include her ident ity or lack there of. As Kat begins to lose control, her mental and physical disintegration is hastened by three major conflicts: The conflict with the society in which she lives, the conflict with her romantic interests (specifically Ger), and finally the physical conflict she faces with her own body. In the end, these conflicts will threaten to strip Kat of her lifestyle as well as her name. From the beginning of Kat’s life, she was at odds with her environment. When she was a child, she was Katherine, a doll like representation of what her mother wanted her to be. As a teenager she was Kathy, a representation of what she believed others wanted, â€Å"a bouncy, round-faced [girl] with gleaming freshly washed hair and enviable teeth, eager to please and no more int... ...he vehicle for the ultimate bizarre act reflecting Kat's personality disintegration. She has gone from Katherine, to Kath, to Kat to being â€Å"temporarily without a name.† The journey that Kat takes through the story, from a person defined by others to a person without definition, is somewhat of a birth in reverse. In the story the character of Kat is defined by the conflicts she faces and her inability to adequately deal with them. The more Kat attempts to find herself within the parameters of her society, work and relationships, the more she becomes lost. It is the conflicts that bring Kat to a moment of clarity as she is left broken and abandoned. It is in this state that Kat is able to lose her name and begin to reconstruct herself apart from the influences of others. Without a name Kat is now the blank canvass onto which she hopes to paint her final masterpiece.

Barbour’s Entry into Spain

John Barbour and Sons is Ltd is a cloth manufacturing company that has been in operation since 1894. They manufacture garments that are waxed to provide a waterproof finish. The clothes have been used by fishermen, naval officers and cyclists. The company’s products have gained varied popularity response in different regions depending on the perception of their clients. Some have considered it as functional while others view it as a passing fad and fancy. In spite if the varied reactions by the customers, the Barbour company has managed to sustain its market share and keep its reputation high by maintaining its mains principles.The company, originally from Britain has gained popularity in the international market and has moved to other neighbouring countries like United States, Canada, France and Spain. Due this expansion, the company introduced new products in terms of designs to cater for the new markets. Their unique marketing strategy and the development of new designs hav e played an important role in their success especially in the international market hence solving the exchange rate inconveniences.The launch of the company website was another great achievement of the Barbour Company that came with a lot of benefits including improved business-customer relationship and developed brand loyalty. The uniqueness of the company’s marketing strategy has lead to formation of two clubs on their website that is, Barbour owners club and Barbour members club. This is a competitive advantage they have against their competitors. They also provide for cross selling through their website database Product standardizationBarbour Company is very popular with manufacturing of classic waxed clothed in the European market. Since there is increased competition in the international market, the company has to do a great deal of promotion and marketing in order to remain competitive in the developing market. One of the strategies to do this is to carry out product st andardization (Carlo 1994). Though marketing abroad is very tricky and the products for export are not necessarily the same as those for domestic market, core aspect still remain crucial for both markets.In order to maintain competitiveness in the international market, the Barbour Company should carry out international strategies that include customization, product adaptation, and innovation other than standardization. In the international market, the extent of standardization should be limited to certain degree since the requirements may not be the same as the domestic needs. Three methods commonly applied by some of the successful companies include; 1. adopting the same promotion and marketing policy home and abroad 2. the company takes care of the specific requirements of foreign customers3. The firm may opt to start designing from scratch, products for the foreign market. The reasons why Barbour Company needs to carry out some standardization its marketing strategy is the benefi ts that come with the standardization of product in the international market. They include; the company is more likely to benefit from economies of scale, this means that the company would enjoy discounts and expenses that it would benefit as a result of the increased production. Per cost production is reduced and production volume is increased (Carlo 1994).Common consumer needs allow for product standardization, there are some commodities that are universally used and need same prerequisite across borders for example, raincoats and jackets. Standardization allows cutting down of costs that could have been incurred in designing other products from scratch. Consumer mobility is another strategy in International marketing process. This process helps firms to specifically manufacture products for the markets abroad. Other than standardization, consumer mobility is a strategy that brings about consumer retention and consumer mobility.This process will be used by Barbour Company to answe r very elementary questions about the foreign market before venturing in to it. They include subjects like, how do the clients arrive at a purchasing decision, what is the customers’ judgement of the stores presentation and how does it influence buying behaviour. These topics would help the management of Barbour a great deal in the prediction of in-store consumer trends and the other factors that affect their purchasing habits. Such findings can be very useful in designing the marketing strategy that would be used in the foreign market (Carlo 1994).Understanding consumer mobility and purchasing relationships would assist in predicting the expected trend and flow of products in the market and would encourage innovative technology to meet the customers’ requirement as observed by the customer mobility trends. Production adaptation the opposite of product standardization and is equally important in marketing in new markets especially overseas. Product adaptation involves modification and innovation of a firm’s products based on the existing products of the competitors in the market.This strategy exploits the competitor products and not on ground-breaking innovations, it follows the existing product portfolio. Since in Spain there are existing cloth manufacturing already, Barbour Company needs to carry out a research on the existing consumer requirements and specifications and make modifications on their products and promote them in the international market (Carlo 1994). Many exporting companies have or those that are multinational and have branches in other nations have engaged in product modification of their supply and has devised very efficient foreign marketing style.Designing such strategy should consider the available resources and the profits. Having eight retail stores U. K and its presence in over 28 countries in the European market including Spain is a very challenging circumstance for the Barbour Company. The company has to employ the following adaptation techniques in product adaptation as a marketing strategy depending on customer desires and market objectives; 1. Same product same needs – this strategy would help to popularize Barbour Cloth Company along other companies that are producing similar products both in domestic and foreign market.This is because they meet similar deeds 2. Same product different needs – this could be used when similar products are intended for different purposes. Some cloths may be viewed as essential for example, waxed coats used by fisher men while other clients may view them as just fashionable. 3. Different product, similar needs – this strategy would help to provide alternative products in the market for customers in both foreign and domestic market. 4. Dual adaptation – this king of product adaptation would involve modifying the product as well as the purpose for its use.This is usually very expensive and would not be very necessary unless it sho ws greater success rates in a field not yet exploited. 5. Invention – this helps the companies in question to cater for customers who may not be able to afford what already exists in the market. This is because some customers have low income and might not be able to manage to pay for expensive garments or the same adaptation can be applied where a company discovers a cheaper production technology that can be used to accomplish the same requirements.Developing Integrated Communications Strategy Integrated marketing communication is a way of ensuring that all information and messages are connected. This means that the process involved go beyond just the coordination of a company’s outgoing information (advertisements and promotions) through different media and the reliability of the message (Schultz et,al. 1996). Integrated marketing strategy utilizes widespread customer information to plan and develop a marketing approach.Barbour Company has to develop a well designed i ntegrated marketing strategy because it would enable the company to have an on paper plan which would be very effective in sustaining its market niche in a competitive world as well as discover new marketing requirements and unmet customer needs (Schultz et,al. 1996). Steps in designing this communication mix are; 1. Creating customer database – bearing in mind that Barbour Company operates its own data base, creation of customer database would enable the management access customer information and analyze the purchasing habits and trends in the market.2. Laying down on-paper strategies – the marketing strategy is usually developed form the information obtained from the customer database. Business communication, sales and promotions are designed from the insights from the customer information. 3. Designing working tactics – once the general strategy has been laid down, proper promotional plans can be specified to target specific marketing goals. 4. Evaluation of Strategy – the outcomes of the new information about the consumer habits is investigated to establish the efficiency of the strategy set to operate. Marketing Communication MixThis defines the exact advertising medium to be used, personal selling, market promotion, and business – customer relationships the company would use to meet the objectives set in the marketing strategy (Schultz et,al. 1996). The best marketing strategies usually work out the 4 P’s Versus the 4 C’s analysis Product and Customer – in designing consumer products, the company should make sure that the customer needs and requirements are met. Both the international and local markets have changed so much that businesses no longer trade in what they can make rather the product specification is determined by consumers specific needs.Since the customer is the â€Å"man† in business, then meeting the requirement puts a business at a better position in the market mix. Price and Cost – the pricing of products should be designed to comply with the consumer’s cost to satisfy his/her needs. Research has found out that price is just one element of the consumers’ cost structure in meeting their needs (Yeshin 1998). The intrinsic cost plays a very critical part for example; it’s the cost of time to watch a movie and the cost of guilt for not treating your friends well.Place and Convenience – provision of products at the right place at the right time should be matched with the convenience the customer would enjoy. Convenience covers characteristics of physical or practical location, easiness of access, and reduced transaction time (Yeshin 1998). Promotion and Communication – promotional marketing should not be hard to comprehend as the purpose of the message may not be accomplished. The best mediums for communication and promotional activities in marketing should have a feedback mechanism to enable two way communications ( Yeshin 1998).The message should be understood by the customer in a way to create the need to purchase products being marketed. The revolutionized marketing communications has prompted the change of mass marketing strategy to more target specific marketing. The changes and improved information and communication technology has facilitated market segmentation. The progress in information technology especially the aspect of media fragmentation has encouraged narrowcasting as opposed to broad casting The BenefitsThough integrated Marketing Communications would require a lot of resources from Barbour Company, the benefits (competitive advantage, Profits and increased sales) that come with it are worth the cost and the effort invested in the strategy. Integrated communication wraps information around consumers and shortens the time spent in the buying. This enable to reduce queues and the sales made in a day could be greatly increased; this efficiency usually improves company reputation as well as creating a better relationship between the customers and the business (Yeshin 1998).Barbour Cloth Company would be able to retain customers in this competitive environment as good relationship between customers and the company builds customer loyalty. This is very essential in eliminating unnecessary onslaught of competition. The possibility of maintaining customers for a long time is a very strong competitive advantage. Integrated marketing communication will result in increased returns due to efficiency involved. The current advances in information and communication technology have adopted the use of effective unified message as opposed to incoherent innumerable messages.Consolidated and crystal clear message will have higher chances of penetrating the busy environment and reaching the target consumers. Integrated marketing can to a great extent heighten sales by stretching messages across numerous communication tools to d generate more opportunities for customers to acce ss and obtain awareness of the products, stimulate the need to have the product being advertised and ultimately getting the potential customers to actually purchase the goods.Finally the adaptation of an integrated marketing system would enable the Barbour cloth company to save a lot of money that could have otherwise been used to duplicate graphics and photos. In IMC, the photos can be shared and used for advertising, presentations and promotional literature. Agency costs are cut down buy the use of a single agency for all communications and even if the company might use several agencies, time is a saved for meetings, briefings and strategic planning.Workload is reduced and hence the efficiency of the marketing strategy is improved, work stress is completely eliminated. Pricing of Products Price is one of the important aspects of the integrated marketing strategy as identified earlier. This is because it’s closely linked to the positioning of the product in the market. On th e other hand, the price of a product significantly influences other elements of marketing (Phillips et,al. 1994). There are many ways of developing prices for gods and services.Come the most crucial one are; Premium pricing – this allocation of high prices depending on uniqueness of the products, Penetration Pricing – prices are purposively set low in order to achieve a market niche, Economic Pricing – prices are set based on low manufacturing and marketing costs, Price Skimming – higher prices are set as a result of the established competitive advantage, Psychological pricing – prices are set based on the emotional perception of the consumer, Product Line Pricing – pricing benefits are granted on a range of products, Product Bundle Pricing – prices are collectively set for a collection of Products as a single package, promotional pricing – prices are set to enhance promotion of the product and Value pricing – prices are influenced by external factors such as competition, and recession. Pricing Objectives Barbour Cloth Company has to develop pricing objectives in order to settle on the most favorable pricing of their products (Phillips et,al. 1994). There are different objectives for pricing, but the basic reasons include the following; 1. Profits – the purpose of any business organization is to make maximum profits, bearing in mind the expenses and other overhead costs. Present profit maximization may not be the superb pricing strategy if it results in lower profits. 2. Revenue – the purpose of the business is to establish long term trend in profit margin by expanding the market segmentation and reducing costs. 3.Quality leadership – the prices usually indicate the position of a product as the quality leader. This builds consumer confidence and loyalty. 4. Status Quo – prices may help a firm to sustain its position in the market by making a stable and consistent profit level. Conclusion Business success is the dream of many business ventures, expansion and enlargement in to the foreign market is the sign o0f success. With efficient marketing strategy in Place, Barbour cloth company is likely to attain success both in Home market Britain and abroad including Spain. The few set backs that might be encountered would include the Spain’s government policies and business regulations.Barbour being a family business needs to be cautious with the law and utilize all aspects of legal (LE-PEST C Analysis) environment for business operations. References Carlo A. (1994). Product Standardizatuion.. A Management Process. American Society for Healthcare Central Service Personnel of the American Hospital Association Phillips C. Doole I. & Lowe R. (1994). International Marketing Strategy. Anlysis, Development and Implementation. Routledge. Schultz D. E, Tannenbaum S. I & Lauterborn R. F. (1996) The New Marketing Paradgm. Integrated Marketng Communications. M cGraw-Hill Proffessional. Yeshin T. (1998). Integrated Marketing Communications. The Holistic Approach. Butterworth-Heinemann.

Hamlet as Mysogynist essays

Hamlet as Mysogynist essays During the period of Hamlets life recorded in the play leading up to his death, he appears to have an abundance of relatively serious issues with the vital women in his life. Although Hamlet during this period has discrepancies with just about everyone associated in his life, men or women alike. There are only two female roles in the play Hamlet, this makes interpreting whether Hamlet is a Misogynist or not somewhat difficult. The primary female role is Hamlets mother who Hamlet usually is very close with but in recent times has developed anger towards over the lack of mourning portrayed by her over the death of her husband and Hamlets father. Ophelia is the other female role she is a young girl whose family is acquainted Hamlets royal family. In the past there was a sort of attraction between the two, but as that has now faded Hamlet has grown frustrated and angered with her and no longer holds remotely the same feeling towards her as he once did. Therefore through these dispo sitions Hamlet apparently has developed a disrespectful attitude towards these two women, which could be viewed by some as being characteristic of someone who is a misogynist. Whether this is true or not is up to the interpretation of the reader, it could be that Hamlets consistent betrayal by the women in his life has added to the growing hatred of women through Hamlets eyes, or that it just so happens the only two representations of women in this play happen to not be on good terms with Hamlet and he really has no distinctive hatred of women kind in general. Throughout the beginning of the book it is apparently obvious to some that Hamlets relationship with his mother is a little more than a proper mother-son relationship, needless to say they are and have been very close. After the recent actions of his mother marrying his uncle only two months after his fathers death and Ha ...

charles goodyear essays

charles goodyear essays Charles Goodyear was born in New Haven, Connecticut on December 29, 1800 to Amasa and Cynthia Goodyear. Charless father was a hardware manufacture and a merchant. Amasa Goodyear built mainly farming tools like hayforks and scythes, which he invented. When Charles was a teenager he wanted to go into the ministry and become a pastor, but his father convinced him that he was a good business man and placed him in the hardware store of the Rogers brothers in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. He worked there until he was twenty-one years old. At that time he returned to New Haven to join his fathers business, making farm tools. For five years he worked for his father, building up the family business. On August 24, 1824, while he was still working for his father he married Clarissa Beecher who also lived in New Haven, Connecticut. In 1826 Charles Goodyear decided to move to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There he opened a hardware store where he sold the products that his father made. Four years after opening this store both Amasa and Charles Goodyear were bankrupt because they would extend credit to customers and the customers would never pay back the money that they owed. Charless health started to decline and both father and son owed tens of thousands of dollars. For the next thirty years Charles Goodyear was thrown in prison over ten times because he didnt pay his debts. In 1834 when he was in New York, on a business trip, the Roxbury India Rubber Company caught his eye. He decided to go inside the store and take a look around. While he was in the store he saw an India rubber valve on one of the products in the store. He thought that a better valve on a product of his fathers might help them pay off some of their debt. He decided to make a better valve with Indian rubber. A few days later he showed it to the manager of the Roxbury India Rubber Company, who was very impressed with valve, but ...

Ethics College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics College - Essay Example They bind people to perform certain actions, or to avoid them, as the case may be. These obligations differ from person to person. They are also dependent upon the type of relationship, that is whether personal or professional. Nevertheless, a person is morally bound to fulfill the same. Secondly, ideals are a set of standards, on the basis of which a person performs actions. It varies on the basis of culture of a person. Moreover, there may be several ways of pursuing these goals or standards. The most common virtues or ideals found in all cultures include loyalty, compassion, tolerance, justice, peace etc. These virtues help us determine whether an act is morally justified. Further, organizational ethics include customer satisfaction, efficiency, superior quality, productivity, fair pricing etc. An action either honors these ideals or disregards them. Hence, these standards help us to determine the morality quotient of the action. Lastly, ethics are concerned with the consequences of our actions and their effect on other concerned people. While determining the likely procedure, one has to consider the outcome of the action. Thus, while evaluating various options available, one must identify the parties involved and carefully analyze the pros and cons involved. From the above, it can be concluded that any course of action which recognizes the obligations, keeping in mind the ideals and benefits all the people concerned, can be acknowledged as morally correct. An action which does not qualify either of the above three factors, cannot be regarded as morally sound, therefore it should be revised. However, one might be in jeopardy, because of conflicting ideals, obligations or effects. To simplify, the course of evaluation to determine the correct action, can be divided into two steps. (Shaw, W.H., Barry, V. and Sansbury, G. 2009) In the first step we ascertain the obligations involved and towards whom they are involved; the ideals which are recognized and those which are ignored. We also identify the people who are affected by our action and the extent of effect on them. The second step involves prioritizing, that is, we deduce which action will prove to be most appropriate out of the set of alternatives. While making a decision one should adopt a stronger objective of the two and the more important ideal which would result in "greater good and lesser harm". Part 2: In real life it is difficult to categorize ideals or objectives on the basis of the importance, so is balancing objectives ideals and effects. Hence the crux of the decision making criteria is left unanswered here. Some propagate that business ethics has unique principles to determine right and wrong on the basis of its business settings. They say that business ethics need not be in tandem with the ethics laid done by the society of right and wrong. (Warlick, Staten Leslie.1998). Some action may be considered as ethical from the point of view of business while it may be unethical from society's point of view. While marketing a company's product, people resort to lying or exaggerating the quality of the product or service in order to sell the product. Say a firm promoting a fairness cream may exaggerate that the effectiveness of the cream shows in a month of usage, while in

Article review on a Revised British COnstitution Essay

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Paranormal Activity 2 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paranormal Activity 2 - Movie Review Example The film is set into the exotic locations of San Diego. One of the most crucial reasons behind as to why the movie has been set up in San Diego is because that place is notoriously known to be famous as a haunted place and a lot of incidents have taken place there, and due to such reasons it is imperative that the shooting took place at a place which has a history of ghost sightings, thus adding value to the movie and in turn improving the overall picture. The Ouija Board is the tool, which is used to communicate with paranormal species. It is a board, which has the numbers, alphabets, and is used for spiritual reasons. It is a spirit board and a talking board, through which communication can happen with other spirits present around human beings. It functions in the film series as a way of communicating with the spirits. Ali and her boyfriend used is as a tool for communication and they realized that the haunted spirits were also talking to them with respect to the communication with the positive spirits as a means for spiritual enlightenment. The use of the board is misused and due to this reason there are paranormal activity taking place in the place of San Diego in USA. Toby wants the first born male instead of the female as he thinks that is more spiritually better for him and that he should follow the instincts and his gut feeling of having a first born male into the family. This crucial and imperative to note as Toby wants to have this desire for only positive spiritual reasons. Toby locks Katie and Hunter into the room thinking that the spiritual experiment he is going to perform with the Ouija Board would be a successful experiment to being back the positive spirits in his life. It is crucial to note that he wants to experience this for the sake of his experiment and nothing more. Hunter and Katie disappear outside the home of Sane Diego and no one knows by the end of the movie where they have suddenly gone and the precise reasons for the same, however, with speculation one can assume that they disappeared due to the experiment carried out by Toby. The found footage works very distinctly in the movie. The fact that spirits are found in the movie alongside the humans is the true art with which the movie is made. Editor edits the movie at the end of it and that matters since the point of the movie is to show spirits and the ghosts taking rounds with the humans as an added physical and tangible objects. It is imperative to note that the editor does this trick by including the faces and bodies of the spirits they wanted to have in their movie. The nuclear family functions in a very strange fashion in the movie. It must be understood that the roles and the relationships, which have been created in the first installment of the movie, do not apply to the second and the third installment. The characters change and shift however the entire installment of the movie remains the same. In the first movie Denis’ first wife was someone el se and she succumbed to her death due to certain unsaid reasons, which are crucial to the final two installments taking place. The characters go into limbo with respect to the movie. The concept of after life exists in the movie while the definition of heaven is a construed one. Work Cited Paranormal Activity

Medical and Environmental Electronic Devices Corporation Essay Example for Free

Medical and Environmental Electronic Devices Corporation Essay Background Medical and Environmental Electronic devices corporation was founded in 1959. Initially the core business was related to applications in medical device technology. The company started new business of Environmental control applications and achieved its current name in 1964. By 1979, MEED achieved 31% market share in its market area. MEED’s competitors had only 20% and11% shares. MEED has headquarters 21 countries around the world including Westland and Michigan. Integrated Circuit Group was set up MEED to meet its need for the customized circuits as semi-conductor industry is shrinking due to the backward integration of major competitors, redirections and acquisitions. Hallmarks of MEED culture were ambiguity, freedom, flexibility, risk taking and a supportive attitude towards employees. There was no formal planning in MEED or even firs loosely coordinated companywide plan was undertaken in 1980. Sales were growing at 30% per year for t he last five years, topped $1 billion in 1979. Profits for 1979 were $107 million. Tom Duglass is the manager of MEED since 1977. ICG is experiencing a shortage of human resource and is only providing 5-8% of MEED’s annual demand. New plant set by ICG is also experiencing problem in startup. The HRD Department headed by Barbara Hamlin is unable to fulfill their duty of providing the human resource which is required for the sound working of ICG. Employee’s profile Tom Douglas Group manager Dom Raffaelli Manager, ICG Advanced design Les Hogan Manager, ICG material Kenny Lash Manager of operations, ICG plant Barbara Hamlin Director, Human Resource Development and planning Qualitative facts The Jackson Michigan, manufacturing plant, which began operation in July 1979, was still experiencing difficulties in start-up and it was now the beginning of 1980. Barbara Hamlin in HRDP position was in charge for the forecast of the IC Groups human resource needs, with special attention to professional and managerial personnel and to design and implement programs to meet those needs. MEED designed, manufactured, sold and serviced complex medical and environmental control systems. The labor market was exceedingly tight for exempt employees, especially the highly trained engineers critical too ICGs work. MEEDs culture was unstructured, informal; make it happen, rapid growth, positive approach towards people. There was no emphasis on formal planning Douglas sought to reorient ICG recruiting toward meeting needs with existing employees and recent college graduates. Given the MEED culture, it was also unreasonable to except that any one program manager would remain long enough to see one component through its entire life. Materials acquisition function was divided into two groups an operation group that focused on such functions as production purchasing and a strategic group that deal with the commodity managements, IC Group manufacturing and custom projects. In the past a buyer in the operations group could become a supervisor in operations, now a buyer had the additional option of staying with the acquisition but moving to a job in a strategic group The greater attention to manpower planning might have led MEED to locate ICG closer to the major sources of trained engineers, or perhaps even to recast its plan to enter the semiconductor industry. Employee mobility need at MEED also made planning difficult. According to  personnel policy, an exempt employee was considered movable after he or she had been in a job for one year. Bosses and subord inates found it difficult to conduct regular performance appraisals; they were supposed to be conducted at least once a year as part of an employees salary review. Quantitative facts Medical and Environmental Electronic Devices Corporation was founded in 1959 Sales, growing at more than 30% per year for the last five years, topped $1 billion in 1979; profiles for 1979 were $107 million. The goal was to ensure that by FY1985, 50% of professional hires would be new college graduates. At the beginning of 1980, Ambrose’s group had openings for two out of five supervisory positions, and 13 out of 37 subordinate engineering slots. In 1980, ICG had 623 employees (plus 8 staff personnel), and 106 open positions to be filed. Annual turnover, while not high by industry standards, was running close to 10% among exempt and 20% among non exempts. The average number of employees for 1979 totaled 24,900 and another were expected to be hired as MEED continued its rapid growth during fiscal 1980. Starting as an idea and a group of 5 people in 1972, ICG had 66 people in 1975, but began its real growth in 1977, reaching 448 employees at the beginning of fiscal year 1980. ICG was only manufacturing 5% to 8% of MEEDS semiconductor needs instead of the 20% planned. It took about 3 years of work at ICG for a college graduate be fully trained, but by working with these colleges to develop programs and by providing equipment and dollar donations, ICG hoped to shorten on-the-job training to 1-1/2 years. A week lost could mean approximately $100,000 lost in profit before taxes for MEED. Core Problem The main issue that MEED was facing was that there was an urgent need that there was no formal planning due to which there was a need for the company to make a proper amendments in HRM of the company and to make policies and procedures and implement them effectively as there was a shortage of Human Resource management at all levels at MEED. They were not having specialized engineers and managers in the required numbers is affecting the corporation. There was a significant problem in attracting engineers capable of the state of the art work that ICG technology demanded. The option of simply hiring  in good people now met resistance from those who pointed out that there were no free slots for these people until the growth actually took place. An estimation was made that IC group’s exempt attrition would rise to an average of 15% per year and non exempt to 35% unless the group improved its recruitment, career development, performance, appraisals and promotion practices. ICG would need 241 hires in order to bring the employee total up to the target for the end of FY 1980. If we look at the exhibits 4 and 5 it could be observed that Barbara is at a very lower level in the hierarchy, and is given vey less authority. If a separate HR department is created with giving all HR responsibilities to the HR department than possibly all most the problems could be solved. Other problems Recommendations Repositioning of Barbara Hamlin in organizational structure We think that she should report directly to Dave Bertram, the president of MEED’s to minimize the distortion between them and Barbara can stamp the authority and she will not have to take approvals from group heads. She is the one who have identified the problems in the system so she should be able to exercise authority so she can solve the problems. Having the backing of the president of MEED’s, people will know that she is a credible source of high authority and she should be followed. Once there is clarity in chain of command, then Barbara should concentrate in making of new human resource department which will include recruitment and selection, compensation and appraisal, training and development which is not addressed in the company till now. Hiring the right people Problem of ICG can be solved as there is low performance by the managers and engineers are working as managers and company don’t have to hire right workforce and as a result they are performing at the top level. Supply of efficient workforce is also limited; that is also one of the reasons engineers are working as managers. Moreover, it is told in the case study that other companies have made collaborations with universities and they  hire their technical staff and engineers automatically after they graduate. It is best for both student and company because student will get job immediately after he graduates and company can get fresh graduates that are fit for the organization. In exhibit 8, it is written â€Å"at institutes, we work with real projects†; that means student can get a taste of professional life and projects even when they are students. Good compensation to retain employees The employment industry of China is very competitive. In order to get best results in the company, company should be able to retain the right employees who are worth it. HR department should make organized and intelligent decision in retaining particular employees. As it is written in the case that giving $1000 a month and working for 20 years has become a standard of industry. Other than that, when an individual leaves the job, he or she gets a 30% pay rise on an average; that means when labor in the market start doing job hopping it will take employees pays up automatically. Standardize the operating procedure The first and foremost step that Barbara needs to take is that she should make procedure same for everyone. For e.g. in this case it was written that managers thought HRD is just for training the employees. So, Barbara should start working and should make everything formal including job analysis, job description, training development and compensation plans. Employees should have awareness of HR department of the company and employees should know clearly that what are they required to do. Once HR department comes in and take steps to make things formal; then company’s environment will also become professional as it is desired by HR department. Training and development Company is not very serious about the training of the employees as position of management development is vacant from some time. Training is only given to manufacturing department in the company but it should be also offered to the designing department of the company. Training of design department will lead to more innovative designs and less flaws in the system. Exit interviews When an employees is leaving the company; he just have to go but one thing that company can do extra is the exit interviews; as company can get a new point of view of the employee about the flaws of the company and how they can be improved. Cause of leaving company should be asked from the employees that also point out significant errors in the company’s operations. Analysis of exhibits If we compare FY80, 81 and the current year in association to number of employees (exempt and non exempt) to the departments (advanced design, manufacturing and material) it could be clearly seen that currently there is a decrease in the number of employees in comparison to the year 80 and 81.Currently there are 6 managers in advanced design, 11 in manufacturing and 6 in material, where as in the FY 1980 there were 30 managers and 1981 there were 47. Moreover, in the advanced design there are currently 97 employees with 116 in 1980 and 150 in 1981. In manufacturing currently 322, 1980 there were 564 and in 1981 there were 854. In the materials currently they have 204 employees in comparison to 1980 where there were 266 and in 1981 there were 425. Overall a decrease in number of employees could be observed. Exhibit 2 talks about the hiring requirements projections. The exhibit depicts the year period. It could be clearly seen that for all the three departments in association to the years there was an increasing trend. Exhibit 3 talks about the financials of 10 years from (1970 to 1979). It could be clearly seen that there was an increase in sales net income and stockholders’ equity of MEED since the 7 year period. Though the sales were not steady but and increasing trend is observed.